“Like Worthy Men”
In Act IV, scene iii of Shakespeare’s “Macbeth,” the prince heir of Scotland, Malcolm, sets out to test Macduff’s character and intentions, and then, having smashed the figure of what he had feared to be Macbeth’s creature, Malcolm reforms Macduff as his own staunch soldier.
To discomfit Macduff and see how far his love for Scotland will drive his perseverance, Malcolm gives weak, noncommittal answers veiling hints of fault lines in Macduff’s integrity. Macduff comes to him, lamenting that under the tyrant “each new morn new widows howl, new sorrows strike heaven on the face,” expecting a kingly response to destroy the abomination that is Macbeth. Malcolm accepts the news calmly and turns on the messenger, saying, “I am young, but something you may deserve of him through me.” He then characterizes himself as “a weak, poor, innocent lamb” to be sacrificed to Macbeth’s murdering nature. Malcolm appears to be a far cry from a man who will “hold fast the mortal sword, and like good men bestride our down-fall’n birthdom.” The prince heir’s surprising thrusts at his own ally pierce the thane of Fife’s windbag, so to speak, and his short reply, “I am not treacherous,” denotes and startled and suddenly uncertain mind. Macduff had come to England seeking a hero to redress the wrongs of Scotland, but to test his resolve and reassure himself of his subject’s solidarity, Macduff ensures that Macduff finds a vapid, suspicious weakling.
On discovering the cracks in Macduff’s “armor,” his honor and integrity as a man, Malcolm continues to strike relentlessly, feeling out Macduff on his strengths and vulnerability, so as to know how best to use the man. He lunges in, stating insultingly, “a good and virtuous nature may recoil in an imperial charge, and then strategically retreats before Macduff can defend himself, offering lightly, “But I shall crave your pardon.” Then too, the prince of Cumberland is curious that a man who declares that “heaven groans with Scotland and weeps for her suffering” can have the heart to leave “wife and child, those precious motives...without leave-taking.” A man of Malcolm’s must be bound to his word and honor to be trusted. Malcolm gives Macduff the poor comfort of assuring him, “you may be rightly just, whatever I shall think,” but, overwhelmed, Macduff deflates from a valiant loyal subject of the rightful king to a man disloyal to his present ruler and who had deserted his family. Having struck the embers anew, Malcolm mentally reclines to view whatever explosion arises.
As Macduff crumbles, disbelieving at his poor reception at the hands of his country’s savior, the prince heir gives his hardest and last blow by destroying his own character, the image of which Macduff had meant to obey and follow under God. Malcolm blithely convinces the thane of Fife that, although Macbeth may be “bloody, luxurious, false…smacking of every sin…yet my poor country shall more suffer and in more sundry ways than ever, by him that shall succeed.” Appalled, Macduff protests, “Not in the legions of horrid hell can come a devil more damned to evil to top Macbeth,” Malcolm promises he will outdo Macbeth in every evil aspect. When Macduff tries to salvage his failing hopes, telling Malcolm to “fear not yet to take upon you that is yours: you may convey your pleasures a spacious plenty, and yet seem cold.” Discovering Macduff to be stubbornly rooted to his belief as to Malcolm’s right to ascendancy, Malcolm probes once more: “…had I power, I should pour the sweet milk of concord into hell, uproot the universal peace, confound all unity on earth.” Macduff can take no more, and bemoaning “O Scotland! Scotland!” as he realizes he is caught between an “untitled tyrant bloody-sceptred” and “the truest issue of the throne by his own interdiction stand accursed.”
And finally, Malcolm is satisfied with “this noble passion” of Macduff, explaining that “devilish Macbeth by many of these trains hath sought to win me into his power, and modest wisdom plucks me from over-credulous haste.”
Malcolm perceives in Macduff a strong, loyal supporter who, after being examined for defects of character and blackness of motives, must be reformed as a man to suit the prince’s purposes, to help him regain his throne. As Ross relates the news of Macduff’s castle being attacked, “your wife and babes savagely slaughtered,” Macduff withdraws into himself in agony, at which Malcolm scolds him, commanding, “Ne’er pull your hat upon your brows; give sorrow words.” The prince sees this new development as a way to bind Macduff closer to his cause. Therefore, he breaks though Macduff’s shocked disorientation with “Dispute it like a man.” Deeply grieved and burdened with guilt, Macduff swells with fury, and his rage is masterfully augmented by Malcolm, who counsels that he “let grief convert to anger; blunt not the heart, enrage it.” Malcolm has played with Macduff during the entire course of the their meeting, probing for reaction, first checking his motives and character, then impugning his own, and finally revealing to him his reasons to gain his trust as his new king.